31 results
Multi-modal MRI investigation of volumetric and microstructural changes in the hippocampus and its subfields in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies
- Elijah Mak, Silvy Gabel, Li Su, Guy B. Williams, Robert Arnold, Luca Passamonti, Patricia Vazquez Rodríguez, Ajenthan Surendranathan, W. Richard Bevan-Jones, James B. Rowe, John T. O'Brien
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 29 / Issue 4 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 January 2017, pp. 545-555
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Background:
Volumetric atrophy and microstructural alterations in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures of the hippocampus have been reported in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, no study to date has jointly investigated concomitant microstructural and volumetric changes of the hippocampus in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).
Methods:A total of 84 subjects (23 MCI, 17 DLB, 14 AD, and 30 healthy controls) were recruited for a multi-modal imaging (3T MRI and DTI) study that included neuropsychological evaluation. Freesurfer was used to segment the total hippocampus and delineate its subfields. The hippocampal segmentations were co-registered to the mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps obtained from the DTI images.
Results:Both AD and MCI groups showed significantly smaller hippocampal volumes compared to DLB and controls, predominantly in the CA1 and subiculum subfields. Compared to controls, hippocampal MD was elevated in AD, but not in MCI. DLB was characterized by both volumetric and microstructural preservation of the hippocampus. In MCI, higher hippocampal MD was associated with greater atrophy of the hippocampus and CA1 region. Hippocampal volume was a stronger predictor of memory scores compared to MD within the MCI group.
Conclusions:Through a multi-modal integration, we report novel evidence that the hippocampus in DLB is characterized by both macrostructural and microstructural preservation. Contrary to recent suggestions, our findings do not support the view that DTI measurements of the hippocampus are superior to volumetric changes in characterizing group differences, particularly between MCI and controls.
Neuroinflammatory and morphological changes in late-life depression: the NIMROD study
- Li Su, Yetunde O. Faluyi, Young T. Hong, Tim D. Fryer, Elijah Mak, Silvy Gabel, Lawrence Hayes, Soteris Soteriades, Guy B. Williams, Robert Arnold, Luca Passamonti, Patricia Vázquez Rodríguez, Ajenthan Surendranathan, Richard W. Bevan-Jones, Jonathan Coles, Franklin Aigbirhio, James B. Rowe, John T. O'Brien
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 209 / Issue 6 / December 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 525-526
- Print publication:
- December 2016
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We studied neuroinflammation in individuals with late-life, depression, as a risk factor for dementia, using [11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET). Five older participants with major depression and 13 controls underwent PET and multimodal 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with blood taken to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). We found significantly higher CRP levels in those with late-life depression and raised [11C]PK11195 binding compared with controls in brain regions associated with depression, including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and significant hippocampal subfield atrophy in cornu ammonis 1 and subiculum. Our findings suggest neuroinflammation requires further investigation in late-life depression, both as a possible aetiological factor and a potential therapeutic target.
The impact of health and education on future labour force participation among individuals aged 55–74 in the United States of America: the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on an Aging Society
- DAVID H. REHKOPF, NANCY E. ADLER, JOHN W. ROWE
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- Journal:
- Ageing & Society / Volume 37 / Issue 7 / August 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 April 2016, pp. 1313-1337
- Print publication:
- August 2017
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Chronic disease, mobility limitations and low physical functioning are determinants of an earlier age of retirement. Therefore, long-term population trends in these factors may have an impact on the proportion of individuals near traditional retirement age who continue to work. Our objective is to develop a projection model that accounts for trends in these factors in order to estimate the proportion of the population aged 55–74 with the capacity to participate in the labour force. We used logistic regression models to quantify how chronic disease, mobility and functional status predict labour force participation among individuals aged 55–59. Next, we obtained estimates of the population prevalence of each of these predictors for the years 2010–2050. We then used estimated coefficients from the logistic regression models to predict the age-specific probability of capacity for work up to the age of 74. We find that population capacity for work depends on trends in disability and on level of education. Future population capacity for work depends on trends in functional limitations primarily in the population with lower levels of education. Changes in functional limitations, changes in the environment, technology and social policy targeted towards individuals with lower levels of education could result in mitigation of future decreasing capacity for work in the population near retirement age.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Phoenix from the Ashes: Rediscovery of the Lost Lukiiko Archives
- Michael W. Tuck, John A. Rowe
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- History in Africa / Volume 32 / 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 May 2014, pp. 403-414
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On 24 May 1966 the 500-year-old kingdom of Buganda came to an end. That was the day that Prime Minister Obote sent Colonel Idi Amin to attack the Mengo palace of Kabaka Frederick Mutesa, who was also the President of Uganda. A 120-man bodyguard defended the Kabaka; Amin had automatic and heavy weapons. Nevertheless, Obote was much annoyed that the palace held out against Amin's troops. An audience watched the battle from nearby hilltops, where expatriates and others brought out folding chairs, until a mid-afternoon thunderstorm sent everyone scurrying for cover. The Kabaka used this interruption to scale the rear wall of Mengo palace, where he hailed a passing taxicab and set off for Burundi and ultimately exile in London. Obote divided Buganda into two separate districts (East Mengo and West Mengo), promoted Amin, and gave him the palace as a barracks for his “paratroop” battalion, and more importantly also gave him Buganda's legislative hall—the Bulange—to become Amin's national military headquarters.
The casualties in the “battle of Mengo” were certainly few in number compared to the destruction Amin would wreak after his coup in 1971. But one invisible casualty of the Bulange occupation was especially significant for historians. The Bulange was not only the seat of the Lukiiko, the Ganda legislature, it was also the storage building for the Buganda government archives, which went back to the 1890s, and were still well organized anu maintained in 1956-58 when Peter Gutkind made use of them for his doctoral research. By 1963 storage space was becoming scarce when Rowe made several visits to Shaykh Ali Kulumba, the Speaker of the Lukiiko. Shaykh Kulumba opened up cupboards and closets packed with archival folders from floor to ceiling. Clearly the archives were still being preserved, but organization and access had suffered. Three years later, when Amin occupied the Bulange, he simply destroyed the entire archive—the historical record of sixty years of Buganda government ceased to exist.
Foreword
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- By John W. Rowe
- Edited by Prem S. Fry, Trinity Western University, British Columbia, Corey L. M. Keyes, Emory University, Atlanta
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- New Frontiers in Resilient Aging
- Published online:
- 06 December 2010
- Print publication:
- 29 July 2010, pp xx-xxi
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Summary
Resilience, as defined by Fry and Keyes, the respected editors of this timely volume, “encompasses normal and exceptional development in the face of risk and adversity, recovery, plasticity and regenerative capacity and the ability to maintain function in the face of disability or physical disease.” In short, the capacity to hang tough and bounce back when, inevitably, something bad happens.
Resilience is a hot topic. Interest is reflected by the rapidly growing multidisciplinary literature reviewed in this book's chapters, the attention this topic received in 2009 at the Keck Futures Initiative of the National Academy of Sciences, which was entitled “Future of the Human Healthspan” and in the theme of the 2008 annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, “Resilience in an Aging Society: Risks and Opportunities.” In addition, interest in the capacity of individuals to respond to adversity is inevitably spiking as the current economic downturn poses major stress and dislocation for many.
AMS Radiocarbon Dates for Charcoal from Three Missouri Pictographs and Their Associated Iconography
- Carol Diaz-Granάdos, Marvin W. Rowe, Marian Hyman, James R. Duncan, John R. Southon
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 66 / Issue 3 / July 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 481-492
- Print publication:
- July 2001
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This report presents four radiocarbon dates of charcoal pigments from Picture Cave, a site located in a remote wooded area in east-central Missouri. Carbon from charcoal pigments was extracted from three rock drawings on the wall of this cave. The four pigment samples contained sufficient carbon for accelerator mass spectrometric radiocarbon analysis. These black pigment samples (red and white paints are also present in the cave) yielded dates that place their affiliated motifs in a time-frame associated with Cahokia ca. 950 years ago. The dates are somewhat earlier than expected. We discuss the dates in connection with the iconography of the three motif panels tested.
Mass Spectrometric Radiocarbon Dates from Three Rock Paintings of Known Age
- Ruth A. Armitage, James E. Brady, Allan Cobb, John R. Southon, Marvin W. Rowe
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- Journal:
- American Antiquity / Volume 66 / Issue 3 / July 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 471-480
- Print publication:
- July 2001
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Radiocarbon age determinations are presented on three hieroglyphic texts from Naj Tunich cave in Guatemala containing Maya calendar dates. The ages obtained are on average 110–140 years older than the calendar dates. Several possible reasons are discussed for this discrepancy: one that is applicable to all radiocarbon dates on charcoal, one that applies to rock paintings, and one that is specific for the tropics. Possible problems with the ages ascribed to the Maya calendar dates are also discussed. Even with the potential problems that may exist, these dates still fall within 110–140 years of the ascribed calendar dates. Caution is urged in the interpretation of dates on charcoal pigments from rock paintings; consideration of the “old wood” and “old charcoal” factors is important.
3 - Classical and Christian influences in the Historia
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 32-43
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Summary
Even if the autobiographical chapter in which William described his studies in western Europe had remained lost to view, there would be no questioning the nature of his educational background. The Historia itself provides ample testimony to the breadth of his learning and to the influences which bore upon him. In the light of his long sojourn in the Schools of the West it comes as no surprise to find evidence throughout his work of his indebtedness to the authors of pagan antiquity and the earlier Christian centuries, whether in his choice of words and his use of quotations, in the information he wished to impart, or indeed in the form and genre of his historical writing itself.
In a masterly fashion his modern editor has provided us with a scholarly apparatus, identifying the sources of his quotations and classical allusions and also drawing attention to a large number of instances in which his phraseology is reminiscent of those ancient or Christian writers whose works were widely read and admired in the twelfth century. Frequently, as we might expect from an educated churchman, William quoted the Vulgate version of the Bible or used expressions which call to mind phrases from it, and he also echoed the wording of the liturgy. The list of pagan authors Professor Huygens has noted as providing the origins for other verbal echoes is long – Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Sallust, Virgil, Horace, Livy, Ovid, Quintilian, Statius, Persius, Lucan, Juvenal and Suetonius – as is the list of Christian writers – Jerome, Augustine, Orosius, Prudentius, Sulpicius Severus, Boethius, Benedict of Nursia, Cassiodorus, Gregory the Great and Einhard.
5 - The monarchy
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 61-84
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Summary
In the preceding books we have, after a fashion, described the remarkable deeds of those brave men who for eighty years and more have held dominion in our part of the East and in particular in Jerusalem.
Thus William of Tyre, writing in the preface to Book XXIII of the Historia, surveyed his work. The deeds of rulers, especially the kings of Jerusalem, had featured prominently. The early books had recorded the events of the First Crusade, giving the limelight to its leaders. The Crusade over, it had been the same men, Godfrey, Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond, Bohemond and Tancred, who ruled in the territories that had been won, and so the transition from the description of the Crusade to the description of what followed worked smoothly. In his Prologue, William had spoken of the Historia as a gesta regum, and so in large measure it is. But, as he went on to say, writing of the deeds of kings poses moral problems for the historian: should he tell the truth or engage in flattery? After all, descendants of these men might read what he had written and take offence.
Part of William's intention was to inspire people to renewed efforts by recounting the achievements of past rulers. These men had had a role to play in the unfolding of divine providence, but William made some attempt to give them individual characteristics and not to portray them simply as stereotypes.
9 - The war against the infidel
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 151-166
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Summary
If there is one unifying thread which runs right through the Historia, it is the waging of war against the Muslims. The First Crusade, with its triumphant successes in capturing Antioch and Jerusalem, occupies the first eight books. Thereafter the story of the extension of the territory under Christian rule and of its defence dominates the narrative. William's account of the royal dynasty of Jerusalem is largely an account of the kings as leaders in war. But it is not simply the story of the crusaders and the Christians settled in the East winning and defending a particular tract of land. The Crusade was a holy war, God's war, and concerned the holiest shrines in Christendom. So, when the Christian enterprise faltered, questions of a theological or moral nature were bound to be asked. By the time William was writing there had been too many set-backs for comfort: the expeditions into Egypt had failed; the kingdom was encircled by Saladin's armies. Earlier Edessa had been lost and the Second Crusade had come to nought. People would want to know why, and explanations solely in terms of Muslim military capabilities would not do. Why should God allow the unbelievers to triumph? Was the present generation of Christians unworthy? If God had ceased to favour the Christian cause in the East, was there any point in His people trying to defend the Holy Land?
1 - William's career
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 13-22
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Summary
Most of what we know about the life and work of William, archbishop of Tyre, comes from what he himself recorded in the Historia Ierosolymitana. The Historia, both by what it is and by what it tells us about its author, makes it abundantly clear that he was a gifted man, and thanks to its survival more is known about him than about any of his contemporaries in the ecclesiastical hierarchy in the East. William enjoyed a successful career, but one which followed a well-trodden path, familiar to many successful churchmen in twelfth-century Latin Christendom. What is distinctive about him was that he added the vocation of historian to the vocations of royal servant and prelate. His legacy is among the more memorable and important pieces of historical writing from the entire medieval period.
A detailed reconstruction of his life is not possible, and there are major questions, in particular about the nature of his political role in his closing years, which remain unanswerable. However, the discovery of the autobiographical chapter in which he described his early career has done much to illuminate his life before the mid-1160s. We now know for certain that he was born in the city of Jerusalem and that he spent almost twenty years studying in the Schools of western Europe. The date for his return to the East can be established as 1165, and this would put the date for his departure to Europe as c. 1146.
Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 188-188
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PART II - WILLIAM OF TYRE AND THE MEANING OF THE ‘HISTORIA’
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 59-60
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Introduction
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- Book:
- William of Tyre
- Published online:
- 09 October 2009
- Print publication:
- 19 May 1988, pp 1-10
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Summary
Historians are unanimous: the work by William II, archbishop of Tyre, which until recently has been known as the Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, but which might better be entitled Historia Ierosolymitana, is important and influential. William flourished in the kingdom of Jerusalem during the reigns of King Amaury (1163–74) and his son, Baldwin IV (1174–85), and he provided the Latin kingdom with an account of its foundation and history, spanning the period from the preaching of the First Crusade in 1095 until the year 1184. The Historia begins with a brief survey of the background to the First Crusade, going back to the recovery of the True Cross by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius early in the seventh century, before proceeding to recount the story of the Crusade (Books I–VIII) and the fortunes of the Latins in the lands they conquered (Books IX–XXIII). It is a long work: in the most recent edition William's Latin text fills just under a thousand pages. Its very size makes it difficult to view as a whole, and for this reason scholars have been far more ready to use it as a quarry for historical information than to try to assess its strengths and weaknesses as an example of twelfth-century historiography or to seek to examine the presuppositions and attitudes of its author. As a quarry for historical information it has long been recognized as being of the utmost importance.
4 - William and his sources
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- William of Tyre
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- 19 May 1988, pp 44-58
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Summary
William of Tyre took the view that his personal experience provided the key for writing about the events of his own lifetime. Some events he had witnessed in person; others he had learnt of from others. But the very fact that he had been alive at the time, could remember his own immediate reactions and those of his contemporaries and had known many of the leading figures personally gave him a critical understanding and appreciation of what had been going on. By contrast, his perception of the events of preceding generations depended largely on unverifiable traditions, and from remarks in the preamble to Book XVI it is clear that he felt less secure about the adequacy of his account of them. He chose to signal the transition from his narration of past events to the account of his own generation with the accession of King Baldwin III in 1143. At that date he would have been in his teens, just a few years before his departure to the West to study in the Schools of France and Italy. To the modern historian there is nothing very different about the tone and content of the Historia for the decades either side of 1143, and we might prefer to divide the work at 1127, the point at which his last extant literary source, the Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher of Chartres, breaks off, and again at 1165, when William returned to the East and began his career in the hurly-burly of Latin Syrian public life.
6 - Regnum and ecclesia
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- 19 May 1988, pp 85-108
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Just as William of Tyre had views about the monarchy, so too he had views about the Church and the nature of the relationship between priest and king. Although he was well placed to write about the history of the Church in the Latin East, the Historia was not conceived as an ecclesiastical history, and when he did introduce material of ecclesiastical interest it was normally only incidental to his narrative. Indeed, on occasion he in effect admitted that by writing about such matters he had allowed himself to digress from his main purpose. As mentioned already, it seems that William introduced much of his ecclesiastical material at the time he was making his revisions following his attendance at the Third Lateran Council and his realization that his work could be of interest to a clerical audience in western Europe. But, because much of his information on the Church had only a tangential bearing on the main thrust of his political history and may well have been added as something of an afterthought, there are many aspects of the history of its growth and organization which either escape mention altogether or receive only the briefest reference. William, for all his concern with the royal dynasty, nowhere gave any clear indication of the extent of royal control over the Church: we can search the Historia in vain in the hope of discovering whether the kings enjoyed rights of spolia and regalia during episcopal or abbatial vacancies; nor do we find allusions to disputes between the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the secular princes over tithes, even though other evidence survives to prove that such disputes had occurred.
Contents
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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7 - The papacy
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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There is never any question that William of Tyre accepted the papacy's own claims to apostolic authority within Christendom. His respect for the importance of papal office is immediately apparent from his condemnation of Guibert of Ravenna, the anti-pope installed by Henry IV in 1080, and by his comments on the threat to Christian Europe caused by the schism of 1130. He noted with approval how the schism which had originated in 1080 was settled in the early 1120s, how the irregular election of Pope Honorius II in 1124 was rectified, and how the 1159 schism was eventually brought to an end in 1177. He was also at pains to emphasize the role of Urban II in launching the First Crusade, and of Eugenius III in launching the Second. Both popes were spoken of warmly. William stressed Urban's God-given eloquence, and Eugenius too was a ‘godly man’. On the other hand, in recording the election of Pope Lucius III in 1181, William remarked that the new pope was ‘somewhat elderly and not very (“modice”) learned’. It is a dismissive description which might easily be passed over were it not for the fact that Lucius was still pope at the time of writing. Of his predecessor, Pope Alexander III, whose long pontificate (1159–81) spanned almost the whole of William's public career, he was equally dismissive. Scattered through the pages of the Historia are a mere handful of references to him, and William avoided making any comment at all on either his personality or his achievements.
Bibliography
- Peter W. Edbury, John Gordon Rowe, University of Western Ontario
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- 19 May 1988, pp 175-180
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